netris-nestri/apps/nescapture

nescapture

A Vulkan implicit layer that captures frames from inside the workload's own process, encodes them with Vulkan Video on the GPU that drew them, and sends them to neshub over a Unix socket — no copy out to the CPU and back.

Being a layer rather than a screen-scraper is the whole point: the frame is already on the GPU when we get it, and it never leaves.

---

Where it sits

Game process
    │  Vulkan calls
    ▼
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  nescapture implicit layer                   │
│                                              │
│  vkCreateShaderModule       → SHA-256 hash   │
│  vkCreateGraphicsPipelines  → track hashes   │
│  vkCmdBindPipeline          → detect HUD     │
│  vkQueuePresentKHR          → capture+encode │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘
    │  GPU blit, same device
    ▼
final_image  (DMA-BUF exportable)
    │  get_dmabuf_fd(final_memory)
    ▼
DmaBufImporter  (pixelforge VkDevice)
    │  import_or_reuse() → vk::Image
    ▼
ColorConverter  (GPU compute shader)
    │  BGRA/RGB10/FP16 → NV12/P010/YUV444
    ▼
Encoder  (Vulkan Video: H.264 / H.265 / AV1)
    │  Annex-B packets
    ▼
Unix datagram → neshub → the client

CPU fallback exists only for driver configurations without DMA-BUF external memory export.

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Sockets

path	direction	carries
/tmp/nestri-video.sock	nescapture → neshub	encoded frames
/tmp/nestri-stats.sock	nescapture → neshub	capture fps, encode ms, drops
/tmp/nescapture-cmd.sock	neshub → nescapture	IDR requests, encode settings

nescapture binds the command socket and connects to the other two. The stats path is derived from NESCAPTURE_IPC_PATH's directory, so moving the video socket moves both.

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Quick start

# 1. Build
cargo build --release -p nescapture

# 2. Install the layer manifest
sudo cp apps/nescapture/manifest/VK_LAYER_nescapture.json /usr/share/vulkan/implicit_layer.d/
# Point the manifest's `library_path` at target/release/libnescapture_layer.so

# 3. Run something that draws
export NESCAPTURE_ENABLE=1
export NESCAPTURE_CODEC=h265
export NESCAPTURE_BITRATE=10000
export RUST_LOG=info

./my-vulkan-app

The layer is inert unless NESCAPTURE_ENABLE=1. That is deliberate — an implicit layer is loaded into every Vulkan process on the system.

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Environment variables

Variable	Default	Description
NESCAPTURE_ENABLE	(unset)	Set to 1 to activate the layer. Nothing happens otherwise
NESCAPTURE_IPC_PATH	/tmp/nestri-video.sock	Where to send encoded frames
NESCAPTURE_CODEC	best available	h264, h265 or av1; probes if unset
NESCAPTURE_FORMAT	yuv420	yuv420 or yuv444
NESCAPTURE_DEPTH	auto	8 or 10; inferred from the swapchain VkFormat if unset
NESCAPTURE_BITRATE	10000	CBR target in kbps. Ignored when NESCAPTURE_QP is set
NESCAPTURE_QP	(unset)	Constant QP instead of CBR
NESCAPTURE_FPS	60	Target frame rate
NESCAPTURE_IDR_INTERVAL	4	Force an IDR every N seconds
NESCAPTURE_TUNE	(unset)	highquality, lowlatency, ultralowlatency, lossless
NESCAPTURE_CONFIG	(unset)	Path to the per-app shader-hash TOML
NESCAPTURE_GAME_NAME	exe basename	Override app identification for that config
NESCAPTURE_DISCOVER	(unset)	Set to 1 to log every draw, for finding HUD shaders
RUST_LOG	error	Standard env_logger filter, e.g. nescapture_layer=debug

Everything else is decided at runtime: the client asks neshub for a codec or bitrate change and it arrives on the command socket, so the encoder is reconfigured without a restart.

---

Per-app shader-hash config

HUD detection needs to know which pipelines draw the HUD, and that is per-application. Run once with NESCAPTURE_DISCOVER=1 to log every shader, then pick out the HUD pipelines by the [SUSPECT] marker — blend on, depth off, six vertices or fewer.

# ~/.config/nescapture/apps.toml
[game."MyApp.exe"]
hud_fragment_shaders  = ["0xaabbccddeeff0011"]
hud_vertex_shaders    = ["0x1a2b3c4d5e6f7890"]
skip_fragment_shaders = ["0x1122334455667788"]

export NESCAPTURE_CONFIG=~/.config/nescapture/apps.toml
export NESCAPTURE_GAME_NAME=MyApp.exe

---

Modules

src/
├── lib.rs           entry points, dispatch routing
├── dispatch.rs      Vulkan function-pointer types and tables
├── state.rs         global DashMaps, DeviceState, CbState
├── instance.rs      vkCreateInstance / vkDestroyInstance
├── device.rs        vkCreateDevice / vkDestroyDevice
├── shader.rs        SPIR-V hashing
├── pipeline.rs      graphics pipeline tracking
├── framebuffer.rs   image view and framebuffer tracking
├── commands.rs      vkCmdBind*, vkCmdDraw*, vkCmdBeginRenderPass
├── swapchain.rs     vkCreateSwapchainKHR, image enumeration
├── capture.rs       GPU blit to the capture image, DMA-BUF export
├── present.rs       vkQueuePresentKHR, encode dispatch
├── encode.rs        pixelforge pipeline, codec probing, IPC send
├── dmabuf_import.rs cross-device zero-copy import
├── config.rs        per-app TOML shader-hash config
└── discovery.rs     draw-call logging for shader discovery

---

Dependencies

Crate	Purpose
pixelforge	Vulkan Video hardware encode
ash	Vulkan bindings
nesprotocol	The IPC frame format neshub reads
sha2, bytemuck	SPIR-V fingerprinting
dashmap, once_cell	Lock-free concurrent state
serde, toml	Per-app shader config

ash and pixelforge are pinned to git revisions — both track Vulkan Video support that has not landed in a release.

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Licence

Apache 2.0. See LICENSE.